Plastics Polymers Science Fair Project Ideas

Your science project could involve plastic, monomers, or polymers. These are types of molecules found in everyday life, so one advantage to the project is that its easy to find materials. In addition to learning more about these substances, you have the opportunity to make a difference in the world by finding new ways to use or make polymers and ways to improve plastic recycling. Here Are Some Ideas for Plastic Science Fair Projects Make a bouncing polymer ball. Examine how the properties of the ball are affected by changing the chemical composition of the ball (altering the proportion of ingredients in the recipe).Make gelatin plastic. Examine the properties of the plastic as it goes from fully hydrated with water to fully dried out.Compare the tensile strength of trash bags. How much weight can a bag hold before it tears? Does the thickness of the bag make a difference? How does the type of plastic matter? Do bags with fragrance or colors have different elasticity (stretchiness) or strength compared with white or black trash bags?Examine wrinkling of clothes. Is there any chemical you can put on fabric to cause it to resist wrinkling? Which fabrics wrinkle the most/least? Can you explain why?Examine the mechanical properties of spider silk. Are the properties the same for the different types of silk produced by a single spider (dragline silk, sticky silk for trapping prey, silk used to support a web, etc.)? Is silk different from one type of spider to another? Does temperature affect the properties of the silk produced by a spider?Are sodium polyacrylate beads in disposable diapers the same or are there observable differences between them? In other words, are some diapers meant to resist leaking by resisting pressure on the diapers (from a baby sitting or falling on it) as opposed to resisting leaking by holding maximum fluid? Are there differences between diapers meant for babies in different age groups?Which type of polymer is better suited for use in swimsuits? You could examine differences between nylon and polyester with respect to stretchiness, durability, and colorfastness in chlorinated water (like in a swimming pool) or seawater.Do different plastic covers protect against fading better than others? You can test the fading of construction paper in sunlight with different types of plastic overlaying the paper.What can you do to fake snow to make it as realistic as possible?Make na tural plastic from dairy. Do the properties of the polymer change depending on what you used for the dairy source (percent of milk fat in milk or sour cream, etc.)? Does it matter what you use for an acid source (lemon juice versus vinegar)?How is the tensile strength of polyethylene plastic affected by its thickness?How does temperature affect the elasticity of a rubber band (or other plastic)? How does temperature affect other properties?

Student Perceptions Of Cheating At Online - 1685 Words

Student Perceptions of Cheating in Online CoursesYour Name:Class Name:University Name:Instructor Name:Student Perceptions of Cheating in Online CoursesAcademic integrity has long been a core concern of faculty as well as administrators operating in campuses. Recent statistics done on the extent of cheating that occurs in college campuses shows that the large majority of students have engaged in this vice to some extent. The core difference in today’s environment is the wide proliferation of technological devices that are used for both delivering as well as accessing information on university courses. Educators are fast becoming concerned on the impact that technology has on the numerous forms of academic dishonesty. Indeed a number of sources have argued that the internet is fast becoming a major culprit for the increasing instances of academic dishonesty. This paper therefore strives to examine what is the prevalence of cheating in online courses looking at it from the coll ege student’s perspective.The number of students who a-re actively participating in college level online courses has far outpaced other forms of distance learning. Online courses are becoming a critical part of many campuses long term strategy as evidenced by the fact that colleges have seen a distinct increase in the levels of online enrolment. The growth in learning opportunities online has increased on the concerns concerning cheating in online courses (Cluskey et al, 2011). Numerous studies haveShow MoreRelatedTechnologys Impact On Learning1028 Words   |  4 Pageshttp://www.nsba.org/sbot/toolkit/tiol/html Focuses on ways that technology impacts learning and cheating; especially in realm of Internet sourcing. Anderman, E., Midgley, C. (2004). Changes in self-reported academic cheating across the transition from middle school to high school. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29, 499-517. Peer reviewed article in which data suggests that self-reported cheating is on the rise based on students view that everyone does it. Cahn and Markie. (2008). Ethics:Read MoreResearch Articles On Attitudes And Attitudes Towards Plagiarism And Academic Misconduct955 Words   |  4 Pagesjournal articles on different perceptions and attitudes towards plagiarism and academic misconduct. Plagiarism is a major concern for both students and teachers and the consequences of plagiarising will differ depending on the degree of misconduct within an assessed piece of academic writing. Throughout this essay there will be a comparison of two journal articles supplied in the plagiarism reader. The first essay is ‘Exploring academic misconduct: Some insights into student behaviour’ written by BobRead More The Problems of Plagiarism Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism is an academic misconduct in which students use someone’s ideas or information in their work without proper referencing. While western culture insists that sources of words, ideas, images, sounds be documented for academic purposes, â€Å"plagiarism is now recognized as a serious problem especially in university where students are just copying words from web sites or someone else’s work† (The Owl At Purdue, 2007 ). According to East (2006, p.16), â€Å"many Australian unive rsities are now developingRead MoreCheating, Its Consequences, And Findings On Cheating1685 Words   |  7 Pagespractice of cheating and its consequences in the graduate students. Lot of papers, scholarly articles have been written around this topic describing the behavior and attitude of the students towards the practice of cheating. There are various factors that can force the students to cheat, irrespective of which the student is expected to submit genuine work of his own to the school. This paper discuss few of the main reasons behind the practice of cheating, its consequences, and findings on cheating in graduateRead MoreMobile Phones And Electronics Particularly On Mobile Devices1327 Words   |  6 Pagesfew. In the early 1990’s even with the bulkiness students started bringing cellular phones to school back then. Schools began to place a restriction on the use of mobile phones in the classroom. Initially, the cell phone was only able to make calls and receive calls . Now, the cell phone or more commonly named smart phone is the most favorable with students since they are able to stay connected to a wide variety of social media. For example, â€Å"Students can access the Internet, send or receive text messagesRead MoreA Question Of Honor By William Chace850 Words   |  4 Pages Multiple studies have found that students are spending less time on their academic studies leading to a decrease in education and an increase in temptation of academic dishonesty.   Cheating has been prevalent since mankind existed, but writer William Chace gives his outlook on the issue in his article, â€Å"A Question of Honor†. Chace is able to use adequate reasoning to engage the reader in an article that depicts perspectives from every angle. Included within the article are a sense of sympathyRead MoreThe Virtual And Physical Classroom975 Words   |  4 PagesAs a society increasingly dependent on technology in countless aspects of daily life, stud ents and educators have been naturally led to the question of technology’s role in education. Virtual education has divided those who ponder its legitimacy, with most being educators who are directly affected by virtual learning. Advocates argue that the approach is convenient, opportunistic, and effective. Critics of e-learning emphasize the importance of face-to-face contact and accountability. At the rootRead MoreInfidelity, a Negative Activity in Facebook1426 Words   |  6 Pagesscreen while he goes to the toilet. Debbie unintentionally reads John’s private messages on his Facebook account and she discovers that John has developed a relationship with another person that she does not recognise. In harsh words, he has been cheating on Debbie.† INTRODUCTION Culture is some kind of arts. Dahl’s (2001) argued that culture is dynamic and constantly changing. There are two aspects of culture which are material and non-material. Houses, computers and physical structures are someRead MorePlagiarism And The Substance And Context Of Academic Dishonesty Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pagesthe nature of plagiarism and how it is perceived by students and faculty. Moreover, how serious of a problem plagiarism really is and why students feel it necessary to cheat. It researches the challenges presented by the huge quantity of information available over the internet. This report also reviews faculty views on academic dishonesty and the many disagreements surrounding what constitutes blatant plagiarism versus unintentional cheating. Also, which disciplinary actions are in the highestRead MorePlagiarism And The Reasons College Students1618 Words   |  7 Pagesunruly fact, but one must be ready to face the obvious situation, and take measures to limit this growing problem. This article will explain plagiarism and the reasons college students turn so quickly to such an unstable â€Å"solution†. It will also present alternative ideas to learning and measures to limit the need that students feel for plagiarism and promote personal creativity. Not only do we see this moral plague in academics, but in many other fields, such as entertainment, art, and the written

Application of Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Relevance and Application of Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting. Answer: Introduction In the social and environmental accounting area, legitimacy theory is one of the most quoted theories. In the year of 1995, Suchman examined several definitions of the legitimacy theory. Through the application of the social contract, the people can get away from the un-natural state of the country. An individual can be free from the various political and social issues. The development of the global market and the communication can increase the financial scope for the society. With the help of legitimacy theory, several social studies demonstrate the Internet Financial Reporting (IFR) which provides the information about financial and non-financial reporting. Social theory is based on the modern movements of government. So it is essential to know about the fundamental nature of government their legitimacy. The concept of application of the social contract and the application of legitimacy theory is critical and relevance in present time (Belk, Sherry, 2007). Hopwood had done so many researches on the social and environmental contract by using the legitimacy theory in accounting for the better annual financial result. He was the first to identify the relationship between the social and environmental contract and legitimacy theory in accounting. The organizational legitimacy is implicated in the examination of the social and environmental contract. Organizational legitimacy provides the tool and contents for the analysis of social contract in accounting. Legitimacy theory explains the motivation for a social and environmental report of any accounting company. When the accounting companies become faced the environmental pressures from the shareholders, then they adopt the legitimacy theory to explain the shareholders their present social and environmental report. Since the year of 1980 legitimacy theory is one of the theories which provide the explanation for the incensement of the environmental degradation. Legitimacy theory governs the behavior of the social co ntract report, and it divides the report into the voluntary and mandatory report (Bhimani, 2006). The relevance and application of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting involve the explanation of legitimacy theory, the analysis report of social and environmental issues related to legitimacy. The hypothesis of legitimacy theory and the legitimacy theories of governments, the internet financial reporting and the result showing the growth of the account are also included in the application of social contract of legitimacy theory in accounting. Legitimacy can also be called a process of conveniently studying various organizations and their relationship between the society as well as the surrounding environment. The Legitimacy Theory The concept of social contract basically says that the governments derive their control or power from the public. On handing over the power to the government, the public surrenders many of its freedoms and accepts the rule of the government or the monarch, as is the case. In return, the government or monarch offers them the due protection and governance. Thus a kind of contract is established between government and the subjects. This theory of social contract was proposed by Thomas Hobbes in the seventeenth century (Bhimani, Dai, 2008). Hobbes as the pioneer of this concept was in the belief that people could be worse off sometimes, but the contract would definitely serve well for the well-being of the society. The theory of legitimacy can be called as originating from this social contract. It acts as a mechanism for supporting organizations to implement and develop certain disclosures in social and environmental purview. The mechanism helps to fulfill the social contract, resulting in the realization of objectives and efficient survival in a turbulent state of affairs. Suchman describes legitimacy as general insight or an supposition that any entity's events are desired and appropriate. The appropriateness and desirability are expressed on the basis of the conformity to a system of values, definitions, norms and beliefs. The two classes of legitimacy An important fact relating to the theory of legitimacy is that it has two major subdivisions into two classes. While one is the macro theory, also known as the institutional legitimacy theory, the other is known as the organizational legitimacy. The first concept practically equalizes the institutionalization with legitimacy. Both these phenomena stress on the empowerment of organizations through making them meaningful and natural in the eyes of the society (Bragg, 2013). When the principles and purposes of accounting are considered, holding the time frame and the generally considered questions as given, the business environment, the democratic government, and the capitalist structure are taken as static. The research is situated within these concepts. Legitimacy has an abstract nature, such that finding the mechanism of motivation of organizations to disclose information related to society and environment. Often, the symbolic representation of a professional institution is associate d with its cultural beliefs. So the institution or organization considers that improvement of the culture and its promotion of the outer environment is essential to attaining legitimacy. The legitimacy theory thus very closely associated with the cultural aspect of an organization's surroundings. Breaking Down the concept of legitimacy The theory of legitimacy is based on the enriched teachings of many theories such as stakeholder's theory, management theory, and institutional theory. The reason that this concept of legitimacy has had a sustained applicability to contemporary situations is that traditional norms have been combined modern value and ethical considerations. Firstly, it seeks to answer the circumstances under which a firm can be called legitimate. Secondly, it lays down the list of persons or entities who could affect the legitimacy of an organization (Burritt, Schaltegger, Bennett, Pohjola, Csutora, 2011). Lastly, it clarifies whether the legitimacy concept should be regarded as an objective or a finishing for the organization. Legitimacy can be very simply explained using the organizational approach, as being any operational resource that is extracted from an organization's cultural environment. Ultimately this resource may be used for pursuing its goals. Thus legitimacy is as significant a resource as is money. Certain actions by any stakeholders within the company may increase the legitimacy and others may reduce it, so it is essential to evaluate the consequences of any step carefully before implementing it (Clawson, Waltenburg, 2009). But legitimacy besides being viewed as a part of resources derived from the environment of an institution can be taken as having both contexts for the purpose of exchange and being a by-product of such an exchange. Social and environmental report research and legitimacy The linkage between the legitimacy of any organization and reporting of social and environmental aspects can be determined from Suchmans definition of legitimacy mentioned in the previous part. Legitimacy is a generalized process according to this definition, and hence rather a long term process than a short-term one. The legitimacy of an organization is also never a fixed phenomenon but an ongoing one where there is the constant evolution of the legitimacy that has been perceived. The concept of legitimacy is also being reconstituted by means of social enactment (Drever et al., 2007). The processes which facilitate the legitimacy of an organization actually act as necessary elements for enhancing the behavior and communications of a corporate organization. The key methods helpful for communication of an organization with its stakeholders are both that of social as well as environmental reporting. Thus ultimately such reporting proves to be useful for maintaining the legitimacy of an organization. Till now, many researchers in the field of accounting from social as well as environmental point of view have embraced the legitimacy theory. Many such researchers claim to have tested legitimacy and found support for much of the concepts related to legitimacy. Within the literature for accounting, legitimacy has primarily dealt with the highly reactive nature that disclosures regarding organizations possess. This has been the case with most of the research studies on legitimacy. Added to that there is a distinguishingly high proportion of the research that has focused on those industries that have suffered from any disasters or occurrences of any other type (Elisabetta, 2006). Thus these studies are concentrated on an attempt by corporate to repair or reconstruct legitimacy and conduct its investigation as a short term but a reactive phenomenon. Thus the view that legitimacy can be controlled by the organization has thus been the dominant approach throughout the research on social and environmental aspects. The analysis of content is mostly made use in studies about reporting on social as well as environmental aspects. The analysis is associated with legitimacy theory and examines the number of disclosure depending on the size, media press ure, membership of industries and other factors (Horngren, 2011). While there is much valuable information obtained from this approach, regarding reporting on information related to society and environment, it does not succeed in adding insight into the way of communicating effectively. Legitimacy is such a concept that is directly correlated to the context and the audience composition. Legitimacy, on one side, is the result of those legitimation procedures performed by the apex organization, and on another side, actions that affect norms and moral values that are taken into consideration by the remaining professional institutions. This concept can be called an assumption or even a perception as it is a representation of how observers react when they form an idea of the organization. The increasing amount of research endeavors in studying corporate reporting on the social and environmental aspects is an evidence of the growing interest and curiosity in analytic studies. Research publications which are resource based and engage in studying organizations along with their relation to society and the environment have a brief history (Horngren, 2013). They do not concentrate specifically towards reports on social and environmental aspects of corporate organizations but c onduct the analysis and evaluation of the prevailing situations in this regard. Thus ultimately the legitimacy of an organization along with the social and environmental reporting and research are complementary to sustaining the overall performance of an organization at a high level. These two concepts are hence interrelated and are both irreplaceable for ensuring the standard performance of any organization. Hypothesis The various types of industry the IFR revelation has been analyzed by more than a few authors, but not all of them found a positive association between them (Weil, 2017). To the unpaid traditional annual account disclosures, the group of oil, chemical, and mining provides more profit than the others groups. The separation in the diverse sectors depends on data used; therefore this contrast becomes trickier. Moderately environmental disclosures, Dierkes and Preston think that the modified environmental companies are more likely to environmental exposure than the other industries. U.K. companies completed that two sectors have environmental disclosures, petrochemicals and chemicals, and intermediates (Horngren, 2013). These studies reveal that there is the more ecological discovery to the polluter companies, in some cases, defensible to the legitimacy hypothesis, in this research will be tested if that type of businesses has additional disclosure in the IFR. Whereas companies with envi ronmental impacts provide more financial in sequence on the internet for its stakeholders, we analyze the industries that are measured to have a high environmental impact. The big business has more incentives to a revelation on the web. They have more visibility, and so they draw the better attention from the general community, governments, stakeholders, other stakeholders or even the opposition. The great firms have additional resources to have in order plan more efficient and have other disclosures on the internet. There is an active connection between company size and disclosure of IFR. Companies with high levels of productivity improved pressure in shareholder decision and had more attractive stakeholders, so there is the greater tendency to IFR disclosure (Kew, Watson, 2012). There is a optimistic link between productivity and disclosure of IFR. Leverage is the amount of money owing used to finance a firms assets. Companies with high levels of influence of leverage and disclos ure of IFR have more financial expenses than the other companies. There is the negative connection between leverage and disclosure of IFR. In this study, the possession attentiveness could be representing or for a percent of supply held by major shareholder or percent of manager interests. The companies have more ownership concentration; have less likely stakeholders, and then the IFR disclosure will be to a less user. There is a negative between possession attentiveness and disclosure of IFR. The auditors solid cooperates and supervises the process financial coverage, leading to increased disclosure clearness and good status to the Financial Report (Kumar, Kumar, 2010). The companies are auditing by a Big 4, will be influenced by a strict standards financial accounting revelation. There is the definite connection between the companies checking by "Big4" and expos of IFR. The issues of legitimacy of government Hobbes and the legitimacy of government during a public contract are philosophy of freedom. The symbol gives huge significance to the explanation of the explanation for the words. Hobbes maintain that there is a link between freedom and determination of persons because a free person can do whatever that has determination to do, lacking any boundaries, barriers or constraint (Stice, Stice, 2014). In this case, humans are bound by social laws, by which persons have put themselves under the system of the sovereign. Hobbes's thought is that biased legality and ethical compulsion are accepted by will of persons. So, according to Hobbes, the determination is more choice to develop compulsions willingly. This is why, for Hobbes, the determination is the spirit of contracts (Nijman, 2004). Social agreement, as per to Hobbes, is defined as an agreement by all persons to dispose of all their controls and allow the first sovereign to use his authority without obstruction by its subject fully. It is comprehensible that between the parties no equal opportunities are seen in Hobbes's public contract, the monarch is absolute. Hobbes claims that it was the free determination of the citizens to generate such a government, and to be ruled by a selected representative, the monarch. Hobbes explains in the case that people communicate their independent determination to be governed by the conqueror because they have a horror of death. At the point of time while they have countenanced the death from the defeaters, they continuously expressed their independent determination to be governed by them and give up their powers and civil rights to the new monarch. Hobbes reacts that it is sufficient for a person to have the human freedom and not to be reserved into chains. This lifted for him the responsibility to obey to his sovereign in everything (Rosenfield, 2009). Hobbes states that there is not much disparity between governments formed through political agreement and those created thr ough invasion. As per Hobbes, the contracts can also be set up with silence or implied consent and acceptance. By the help of this theory, Hobbes explains some essential words such as depiction (Spiceland, 2010). The implicit permission as a method to create a suitable agreement, notions which are significant for additional expansion of the contract theories can be made. Locke and legality of the government claim that an individual cannot unchain to someone in addition by independent determination, nor place himself beneath a random authority of another. Locke explained the idea of judgment as connected to persons decision, and not a conclusion including the external force (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, 2011). Locke also shows that when the people depart state of scenery to unite a public contract for shaping a political civilization. The power must be given up by the people, to attain the range for which they bond to the society. This is to provide a monarch to authority for forcing men to assist because in this condition of scenery when there is no power to manage them, they establish a combat, which almost certainly would by no means finishes. Though both Locke and Hobbes thinks that people should give up all human rights and authority and pass them to the ruler, the dissimilarity between the two is in the description of the concept of will Locke, un like Hobbes does not support the agreement made upon terror and pressure. According to him, supporting compulsion can obtain only by a contract which is freely accepted and usual by persons, by which they submit themselves to someone elses determination (Smith, 2011). Like Hobbes, also Locke approves the implicit permission as a way of declaring the will for being the branch of the social agreement. But the dissimilarity is that when talking about the right confined by the government through public contract, he mentions the notion of possessions. In fact, Locke goes further by stating that the federal contract is inhered from the property-owner to his successor. The successor of the land will be compelled to follow the rules of the contract which was accepted by his ancestor, because mutually with the land he will take over also the obligations to the government. In his agreement people consent to give their human rights to someone they believe. In order to put into natural effect l aw and to defend them, the ethical obligations would be useless if there were nobody that would perform them (Tracy, 2013). Locke does not attach future generations with the agreement consented by their intimates. Locke defines that it is usual that the body moves in the way in which there is a greater power applied. Locke also claims that it is complicated to obtain common consent, at least for the motive that it may happen that not all the populace can contribute to the voting (Wheatley, 2010). Internet financial reporting The usage of technology and internet in accounting they can change the way of information and the utilization of economic data. Legitimacy theory provides the theoretical framework for the Internet financial reporting. As per the paper of 1997, Wildstorm described the importance of the web in the financial communication (Scott, 2015). By legitimacy theory, the internet financial report (IFR) differs the traditional financial reporting. IFR can include the voluntary, mandatory or the incremental information which may help the stakeholders for decision making. IFR plays a significant role in the regulation of the report and the preparation of the environmental report. It can differentiate between the printed audit reporting and the financial report based on the electronic review (Appannaiah, Reddy, Putty, 2010). The Internet can establish the relationship between the stakeholders and helps in the interactive communication for the development of the financial state of the particular co mpany. In the year of 1999 Lyman et al. through the support of International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) analyzed the internet accounting reporting by legitimacy theory. In the year of 2002 Liao et al. and the year of 2003 Debreceny, describe the financial report can support the professional auditing, accounting and the regulation of the internet financial report. In 2003 Poon and Tak Yu said that the Internet financial reporting could include the annual report, quarterly report, analysis report, press collection report, share price information and the management discussions also (Britton, Waterston, 2013). Through the research in 2005 by Garcia-Borbolla et al. the relationship between small and medium enterprises with the website, the size of the companies, education, training, the management of the company, and the usage of the technologies can be known. As per the recommendation of the Khan in 2007 to develop the qualitative characters companies can improve their onlin e financial reporting which is suggested by International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). The positive point of the internet financial reporting is through this process the accounting department of any company can represent their reports as portable document format (PDF), so there will be no possibilities to misplacement of the reports. In the year of 2010, Aly et al. found out the profitability in the utilization of internet in the social contract of accounting. He includes the size of the firm, auditor size, liquidity, leverage and the website of the company (Dauber, 2005). There are various analyses which determinate the financial reporting through the internet. The main hypothesis of internet financial reporting is justified based on the legitimacy theory. The analysis of the social and environmental contract in accounting can briefly describe the role of legitimacy theory and internet in financial reporting. The voluntary internet financial reporting maintains the relationshi p between the auditors and the investors (Horngren, 2013). The adoption of the voluntary internet financial reporting can affect the qualitative and quantitative factors of the company. The mandatory internet financial reporting is a concern with the press release and conference. It is helpful to the accounting standard for communicating to the hard annual report and the information which regulates the balance sheet and the income statements. Result and discussion The quantitative analysis of the annual financial report of different types of industries can be the result of the application of the social contract at legitimacy theory in accounting. The result of the study of legitimacy theory shows the modification of the policies of the companies which is related to the social events. The result shows the tactical nature of the social contract which includes the management and the annual report under the unfavorable condition. The study of the corporate social contract supports the legitimacy theory (Horngren, 2014). The result of the analysis of the subject indicates the achievement of the higher level of media attention which can support the annual financial report. The result of the study facilitates the decision making process and the help in the preparation of the annual financial report. According to the result of the study, the legitimacy theory can explain the nature of the political economy and the responsibility of the government towa rds the accounting. The result of the study supports the view that how the companies are utilizing their annual financial reports to justify their existence. The result of the study shows the differences between two types of industries, k-based industry is one of them. The results of the analysis demonstrate the utilization of the Internet financial reporting which applied to the big business (Powers, Needles, 2012). The results of the analysis between independent variables are related to the total asset, income and the size of the enterprise. As per the product of the study of the profitability, it can assist the making of internet financial report. Since last 20 years, the legitimacy theories are uses in the bank sectors also. The examination of the presented IC information in each annual report can disclose the social contract. The result of the study suggests the globally well-known sustainability of the legitimacy theory. The result of the survey provides the political, social , environmental supports to the respective company. The result indicates the firms to legitimize themselves in the global market. The result with the legitimacy theory voluntary takes part in the enhancement of the reputation of the company (Krivogorsky, 2012). The result didnt find any relationship between SDI and board independence. It indicates the corporate governance system of the company. Conclusion The social and environmental contracts are known to be the most innovative theory for application in accounting. Legitimacy theory takes a huge part in the in the analysis of the behavior of the company. It governs the social and environmental factors of the company's financial report. Through the positive thinking and the political movement can secure the property and the life of a human. The social contract also influences the political aspects (McMillan, 2010). Legitimacy theory indicates the explanations which motivate the environmental, financial reporting which is based on the application of social and environmental contract. The social and environmental report can be considered as the major way of communication. Legitimacy theory provides the framework to the social contract in the accounting business. To enhance the capability and the competence of any company the government tries to improve the knowledge, Appling information technology of the companies. To prepare the financ ial report internet plays a significant role (Oppermann, 2009). To know the mechanism of the legitimacy theory, it should be known that the opportunities regarding the legitimacy theory and the amount of cost provided by the respective companies. The founders of the social contract always wanted to involve ordinary people in the accounting where they can feel safe, and the relationship between the people and the government can be intact. As per the study of 2011, most of the companies proffered the PDF format for their financial representation. References Appannaiah, H., Reddy, P., Putty, R. (2010).Financial accounting. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Belk, R., Sherry, J. (2007).Consumer culture theory. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Bhimani, A. (2006).Contemporary issues in management accounting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bhimani, A., Dai, T. (2008).Management and cost accounting. Harlow: Prentice Hall/Financial Times. Bragg, S. (2013).Accounting best practices, seventh edition. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Britton, A., Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Burritt, R., Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., Pohjola, T., Csutora, M. (2011).Environmental Management Accounting and Supply Chain Management. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Clawson, R., Waltenburg, E. (2009).Legacy and legitimacy. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple Univ. Press. Dauber, N. (2005).2006 Auditing standards. Canada: Thomson. Drever, M., Stanton, P., McGowan, S., Raar, J., Sofocleous, S., Ravlic, T. (2007).Contemporary issues in accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley Sons. Drever, M., Stanton, P., McGowan, S., Raar, J., Sofocleous, S., Ravlic, T. (2007).Contemporary issues in accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley Sons. Elisabetta, B. (2006).Financial Accounting an International Approach. Pearson Education UK. Horngren, C. (2011).Cost accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Horngren, C. (2013).Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Horngren, C. (2013).Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Horngren, C. (2013).Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Horngren, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Group. Horngren, C. (2014).Accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Kew, J., Watson, A. (2012).Financial accounting. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Krivogorsky, V. (2012).Law, corporate governance, and accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Kumar, V., Kumar, V. (2010).Strategic management. Delhi: Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd. McMillan, E. (2010).Not-for-Profit Accounting, Tax, and Reporting Requirements, 2nd Edition. John Wiley Sons. Nijman, J. (2004).The concept of international legal personality. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. Oppermann, H. (2009).Accounting standards. Lansdowne: Juta. Powers, M., Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rosenfield, P. (2009).Contemporary issues in financial reporting. London: Routledge. Schroeder, R., Clark, M., Cathey, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory and analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Scott, W. (2015).Financial accounting theory. Toronto: Pearson. Smith, M. (2011).Research methods in accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE. Smith, M. (2011).Research methods in accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE. Spiceland, J. (2010).Intermediate accounting. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Stice, J., Stice, E. (2014).Intermediate accounting. Mason: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Tracy, J. (2013).Accounting for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Weil, R. (2017).Financial accounting. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Wheatley, S. (2010).The Democratic legitimacy of international law. Oxford: Hart.

Point Blanc Chapter Summary free essay sample

Chapter 1 Michael J. Roscoe, a multimillionaire from New York, is assassinated by a guy who goes by the name Sam Green. Chapter 2- Alex Rider follows two suspected drug dealers to a barge on the River Thames. Chapter 3- Alex hops into a crane near the barge and lifts the barge out of the water with the crane; the barge collides into a nearby conference center when its in the air. Chapter 4- Alex is taken to jail, but MI6 bails him out; therefore, he has to accept the proposal they give him to go on an undercover mission to a boarding school, Point Blanc, in the Alps. Chapter 5- As part of the mission, Alex has to pretend to be the son of a multimillionaire Sir David Friend, whose house he stays at for a week. Chapter 6- While at his house, Alex goes horseback riding with Friends daughter and almost gets killed by a train when they take a shortcut in a tunnel. We will write a custom essay sample on Point Blanc Chapter Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter 7- Mr. Smithers, who works for MI6, gives Alex a few devices in case of an emergency while on his mission. Chapter 8- Alex is picked up by Mrs. Stellenbosch from Point Blanc and has dinner with her at a hotel in France. Chapter 9- Alex meets Dr. Grief, the director of Point Blanc, and makes his only friend, James Sprintz. Chapter 10- Alex notices that the school isnt normal; he sees James being taken away during the night into a room. Chapter 11- Something is wrong with James, so Alex sneaks up to the forbidden third floor and sees Dr. Grief shoot a surgeon; Alex sends out a signal for help to MI6. Chapter 12- Alex sneaks down to the basement, and finds James and the other four students; he finds out Dr. Grief has duplicated the kids. Chapter 13- Mrs. Stellenbosch captures Alex when she sees him in the basement, and Dr. Grief tells him he is going to have to kill him; Grief also informs Alex about the Gemini Project, which is his evil plan to rule the world by duplicating people that act like himself. Chapter 14- Alex escapes after he is locked up and snowboards down the mountain on an ironing board while being chased by numerous snowmobiles equipped with machine guns; he is hospitalized after slipping off a train he jumped on at the bottom of the mountain. Chapter 15- He confronts MI6 for not getting him out of there when he sent out a signal for help, and is assigned to lead a SAS unit back into Point Blanc to kill Grief, Stellenbosch, and to rescue the kids. Chapter 16- Alex is successful as the SAS unit accomplishes all of their tasks of killing Dr. Grief, Mrs. Stellenbosch, and rescuing the five kids. Chapter 17- Alex returns back to school in London, and when he goes to meet with the principal, his clone is waiting for him and tries to kill Alex; as a result, Alex is unscathed and the clone dies in a fire while they are fighting.

Tax Evasion in Egypt

Introduction Through tax evasion, individuals, companies, and organisations attempt to avoid paying taxes. Following the start of monetary markets, tax evasions in addition to other financial laundering activities have emerged as severe predicaments for macroeconomists. Although tax evasion in Egypt has always been a worry for economists, it has currently augmented to a greater degree given that the existence of new monetary markets favours tax evaders through the provision of simpler means of hiding their illegal money transactions (Feige 98).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tax Evasion in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The money that could otherwise have been utilised in economic and social advancement courses is used in criminal actions or in dangerous and poor ventures. Additionally, when the money from illegal ventures gets into the stock market, it creates unnecessary instability. In this regard, c urbing tax evasion would allow huge chunks of money to be produced and utilised for welfare tailored ventures. This paper highlights an investigative report on tax evasion in Egypt with the interviewing of an economics university professor. Evasion occurrence Tax evasion is a progression that usually relates to the informal sector. A gauge of the degree of tax evasion is the quantity of the unreported revenue, which denotes the variation between the quantity of revenue that ought to be accounted in the tax systems and the real quantity reported. An interview with the Professor of Economics in the American University in Cairo, Said Mona, revealed that the degree of evasion relies on some aspects by considering the financial equation coupled with the fact that attempts to evade tax decreases with the decrease in the money under transaction (Baldry 357). The professor as well stated that the degree of evading taxes relies on the effectiveness of the tax management. The increased level of corruption by tax officers in Egypt adds to the complexity of managing tax evasion. Tax officials employ different ways to decrease evasion and augment the degree of imposition, for instance through privatisation. The evasion of tax is a criminal offense in Egypt and individuals who are found guilty are sentenced to fines or detention. Deceitfully misreporting profits in a tax return in Egypt is deemed as a criminal activity and such actions are dealt with in the criminal courts. In Egypt, other tax wrongdoings that are considered criminal include intentional misrepresentation of records. Furthermore, civil tax misconducts could attract penalties. Presumably, the degree of evasion relies on the strictness of reprimand for evasion (Baldry 361). The Egyptian Tax Authority (ETA) handed an evasion assertion to the Orascom Construction Industries (OCI). This tax amounted to almost 5 billion pounds associated with the sale of building materials by the company in 2007. The Chief Executi ve Officer (CEO) of OCI is Nassef Sawiris. Orascom Construction Industries is among the leading companies in Egypt and it hires 90,000 individuals.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The employees of this company originate from approximately 36 nations across the world. The Orascom Construction Industries Construction Group offers global engineering and building services mainly on infrastructure, manufacturing, as well as high-end trade ventures in different countries for both public and non-public clients (Baldry 368). The Orascom Construction Industries Construction Group takes a position amid the best international contractors. Importance of taxes In Egypt and in all other nations across the world, taxes are fundamental. With respect to the economy, taxes act as the basic source of finances for an extensive scope of social and economic plans. Taxes are thus necessary to fun d public services and accomplish a country’s fundamental responsibilities. In Egypt, taxes comprise close to 60 per cent of government income. Every government across the world requires money to carry out civil functions and control the undertakings of the state. These funds are usually accumulated from the residents of the country in the identity of tax (Jalili 167). Each country has its particular means of ensuring that taxes are collected from its populace. Ignorance concerning tax is capable of bringing about numerous crises. The money collected as tax assists a country in safeguarding itself as it handles military expenditures. Moreover, taxes assist in the advancement of infrastructure and the condition of roads, hospitals, and the environment at large. Additionally, taxes aid in the development of the status of education for through taxes, governments can offer education to all citizens and assist in the raising of the living standards. Individuals and organisations pa y their taxes in a bid to sustain an efficient government. Taxes act as returns for the government to facilitate in funding socialised services like medical attention and security among others; therefore, when nobody is submitting taxes, the community could fall apart and the country deteriorate. Therefore, it is significant for each individual to pay taxes without failure. The government in a country can enforce taxes in different types, for instance, via income taxes, and toll tax among others. Not every person in a nation is required to pay taxes. Payment of taxes is reliant on nation to nation; however, in the majority of instances the individuals that earn very low incomes are at times exempted from paying some taxes (Jalili 172). Moreover, not everyone in a given country is expected to pay taxes in an equal measure. Normally, individuals that have high incomes are expected to pay a bigger proportion of tax as compared to individuals that have low incomes. The residents of a co untry are not supposed to complain on the load of tax payment, rather they ought to consider the utilities that they obtain out of payment of taxes. Some of the services that are offered by the government through the money from taxes encompass the following:Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tax Evasion in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Infrastructural developments: The government of any country requires money for the construction of roads, airports, ports, and communication networks just to mention a few. Pubic security: Funds obtained from taxes are utilised in the provision of fire fighting equipments as well as hiring of police (Jalili 182). Moreover, such funds assist in financing the sustenance of the military forces (comprising of the air force, army, and navy) as well as adequately providing them with ammunitions. Common services: Maintaining cleanliness of the roads, treatments of water, provisi on of lighting in urban centres, waste disposal, and sustenance of game parks and many more Health services: Nearly every government offers adequate and subsidised health services to all its populace, which could encompass immunisation and relief from tragedies. All these aspects are made possible by the taxes that a government collects from its citizens. Others include the sustenance of historic sites like museums, government and disaster reliefs, financing elections, finance government ministries and equipping them (Jalili 191) Why tax evasion is not good Tax evasion underscores any form of unlawfully evading taxes that an individual is obliged to pay. Tax evasion is at times confused with tax avoidance, which means taking measures to decrease taxes that are in accordance with the law. The elements of tax avoidance include tax deductions as well as different lawful tax excuses. Tax evasion can take place with every form of tax, but it is usually linked to income taxes in addition to sales taxes. For instance, in Egypt there exists a legal income tax, and every income (whether money or material commodities) has an enforced tax. Following its strictest description, many Egyptians probably engage in tax evasion by not including minor sources of income or the profits garnered, albeit in most cases such an occurrence happens unknowingly (Lachapelle 38). With the reality that it is nearly improbable to notice every one of the insignificant sum of money that change owners, the Egyptian government hardly ever hunts such insignificant cases of tax evasion for it concentrates on wider targets such as companies and rich people. The interview with Said Mona as well gave the insight that taxes are normally regarded as economically ineffective tools, which underscores the suggestion that tax evasion could potentially have positive outcomes on the economy. The theory behind this suggestion hinges on the assumption that taxes act by augmenting the costs of commodities and thus general expenditure diminishes with the augment in taxes, and consequently economic action drops. The suggestion for taxes is that communities and companies are not capable of accurately assigning resources toward ventures that are meant for the universal good, for instance roads, airports, and other forms of infrastructure. Hence, the government is given the responsibility of collecting taxes in a bid to try and perfectly allocate this money for the provision of public amenities (Lachapelle 40). The fundamental economic laws could imply that in the nonexistence of the government, non-public organisations could fill the gap in offering pubic amenities and carry it out more effectively since there could not exist such barriers as tax collection, tax evasion, and government establishments. However, as Said Mona made it clear, non-public organisation can never be more effective in carrying out all the responsibilities when judged against the government. Even though the notion of t axes being economically ineffective provides support to the likelihood of tax evasion being an economically effective exercise, tax evasion as well brings about numerous detrimental results.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To start with, the government has to use resources in a bid to recover the taxes it is owed, which could appear as a wasteful exercise to the community. In a case where no individual evades taxes, much money would be channelled towards beneficial schemes rather than being utilised in the recovering of evaded taxes. In addition, an effective capitalist economy depends on rivalry amongst businesses (Lachapelle 41). Nevertheless, when one business is practicing tax evasion and the other one is not, it generates a simulated benefit for the business engaging in tax evasion. This process could allow businesses with diminished dealings to survive longer than the ones that have effective processes, which could be harmful to the economy. Egyptian Government not doing enough to tackle the problem Even if the Egyptian government is carrying out more strenuous attempt to restructure the nation’s tax authorities (particularly with respect to making it more investor-pleasant), it still hol ds the characteristic disorder and ineffectiveness prevailing all through generations of social ineffectiveness. Tax evasion is not a big issue in Egypt owing to the intricate and highly inefficient collection scheme. Managers have established several tactics for saving their foreign employees from the misery of striding through tax laws. In this regard, most of these employees are paid in the form of cashable cheques or hired as fake consultants, which is meant to leave the choice of payment of taxes to the workers themselves (Resnik 44). When workers are paid through cashable cheques or as consultants, they are aware that the possibilities of the Egyptian government ever claiming taxes from them are insignificant. Nevertheless, for those receiving huge sums of money, they are easily likely to be discovered and thus are compelled to pay their taxes. Therefore, the tax reforms made in Egypt by the close of 2005 were essential to decrease tax hindrances to investments. Nevertheless, the reforms are still not adequate to tackle the problem of tax evasion effectively. Summary Through tax evasion, individuals, companies, and organisations make endeavours to avoid paying taxes. Additionally, through tax evasion, the money that could otherwise have been spent for economic and social progress is used in wrong actions or in hazardous and poor ventures. While interviewing Professor Said Mona, it was disclosed that the degree of evasion relies on some characteristics by taking into contemplation the financial equation and the fact that the endeavours to evade tax diminishes with the lessening of the amount of money one is obliged to pay. The evasion of tax is an unlawful offense in Egypt and the persons who are found blameworthy are sentenced to fines or detention. The Egyptian Tax Authority (ETA) has accused Orascom Construction Industries (OCI) of tax evasion amounting to almost 5 billion pounds. Taxes are essential as they fund public services coupled with facilitati ng a country’s fundamental errands. Tax evasion is capable of bringing about numerous crises. The money amassed as tax is used to assist a country in safeguarding itself as it holds military expenditures. Taxes are used to support the advancement of infrastructure and the environment at large. Moreover, taxes serve in the development of the status of education. Even if the government of Egypt is implementing strenuous endeavours to reorganise the nation’s tax authorities (mostly with regard to turning it into investor satisfying), it still embraces the typical disorder and futility prevailing all through cohorts of social ineffectiveness. Conclusion Although tax evasion has always been an alarm for economists, it has presently augmented to a larger degree given that the majority of the new monetary markets favour tax evaders through the provision of simpler approaches of hiding illegal money. An interview with the Professor of Economics revealed that the measure of tax evasion relies on some facets, by taking into deliberation the financial equation and the fact that endeavours to evade tax lessen with the reduction in the money that one is required to pay. Evasion of tax is capable of causing plentiful of crises. Taxes support great developments carried out by the government at the advantage of its citizens. Tax reforms in Egypt in 2005 were essential to cut tax hindrances to investments. Nonetheless, the reforms are still not satisfactory to tackle the difficulty of tax evasion successfully. Therefore, the Egyptian government should put in place other strict measures to counter tax evasion. Works Cited Baldry, Jonathan. â€Å"Income tax evasion and the tax schedule: Some experimental results.† Public Finance 42.3 (2011): 357-383. Print. Feige, Edgar. The underground economies: Tax evasion and information distortion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. Jalili, Ali. â€Å"The Ethics of Tax Evasion: An Islamic Perspective.à ¢â‚¬  The Ethics of Tax Evasion 1.1 (2012): 167-199. Print. Lachapelle, Jean. â€Å"Lessons from Egypt’s Tax Collectors.† Middle East Report 264 (2012): 38-41. Print. Resnik, David. â€Å"Practical and political problems with a global research tax.† The American Journal of Bioethics 10.6 (2010): 44-45. Print. This report on Tax Evasion in Egypt was written and submitted by user Autumn Witt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Native American Purification essays

Native American Purification essays Sweat lodges were a basic component of Native American life. The Native American completed a purification ceremony in these sweat lodges. This ritual dealt with purifying the human body and soul. The layout of the sweat lodge, the practice of the purification ceremony, and the symbolism in each of these things are all part of Native American rituals The Navaho used to call sweat lodges tqache. They are made out of birch willow branches and resemble a beehive. Outside of the sweat lodges is a fire used to heat rocks. A dirt path from the fire outside goes through the door leading to the fire inside. The door is always facing toward the east. In the middle of the sweat lodge is a hole with the heated rocks from the fire outside. Sweat baths are filled with symbolism. Sweat represents the washing away of physical and moral impurities. This ceremony is meant to revitalize and allow the person to be born anew. The lodge is an image of the universe. The rocks inside symbolize the center of the universe. The heated rocks in the fireplace represent the Mother Earth. The stream created by pouring water over the rocks symbolizes the Thunder Being. The participants purify themselves with rocks, fire, water, earth and air. The practice of the purification ceremony is essentially a sweat bath. When the stones in the fire outside are hot enough they are brought in. The participants chant and sit in silence. After this is done, a mixture of water, sage grass, cedar, and pine needles is poured onto the hot rocks. This produces a hot vapor bath that leaves the fragrance of burning needles and grass. This practice can be done many times a day. There are always sweat baths before important ceremonies, warpaths, or the signing of treaties. This ritualistic ceremony shows many of the beliefs about Gods relationship with the earth and humans. This purification ceremony put the American Indians in a frame of m...

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics - Essay Example In certain cases, the signs and symptoms typically occur in 6-8 weeks after the normal menstrual period, but ectopic pregnancy may occur later. In some of the cases, nausea along with breast discomfort, low blood pressure, weakness, dizziness and pale skin can be noticed amid the patient (Stà ¶ppler, 2013). Considering the fact that different sites of possible ectopic pregnancy implantation will influence patients’ presentation, it can be ascertained that the treatment of ectopic pregnancy requires implantation and actual removal of the affected parts of a body. In some of these cases, Fallopian tube requires either pharmacologic or surgical management. Pharmacologic management with the doses of methotrexate is necessary for effective treatment. Sometimes, the linear salpingostomy surgery is performed, if a patient desires to become pregnant in future. It is thus anticipated that proper treatment and effective nursing care will certainly help in providing effective and proper treatment to the patients under the circumstance of ectopic pregnancy (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2014). It is worth mentioning that the notion of Perinatal morbidity and mortality includes stillbirth and the death of newborn babies within the first 28 days of the birth. According to the latest report of the Australian Bureau of Statistics published in the year 2012, 2,558 perinatal deaths were reported due to Perinatal morbidity and mortality (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). Again, these 2,558 deaths constituted around 1,355 males and 1,203 females. It will be vital to mention in this similar concern that one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in varied regions of Australia is the haemorrhage from placenta percreta, which results in causing haemoperitoneum, a sign of perinatal morbidity and mortality (Government of South Australia, 2013). Thromboembolic is a disease, which occurs during

Epicurus Stand on the Psychological Egoism Essay

Epicurus Stand on the Psychological Egoism - Essay Example The parents will be happy with the student but his joy is when he gets that particular. I concur as well with his ethical egoism reasoning. Think of even the altruism shown by Mother Theresa. Though I have respect for the deeds of Mother Theresa, she did what she did precisely to appease her God whom demands that she be caring and at the end of the day she will be sure of inheritance of the goodies of eternity. Everybody will want to do something that he will be recognized for and this validates the idea of civilized self-interest. The benefit attached to the conduct may vary and it’s this difference that defines different personalities. For Mother Theresa, she was divinely driven while to others they may be driven by other factors Despite all the facts outlined, egoism is hard to prove and this is the major reason why criticism is unavoidable. Amazingly, I believe that these two phenomena are evident on everybody. There are times when features of psychological egoism will be seen in somebody and this does do not shield portrayal of ethical egoism.   It is harder even to take a stand on the two.

Research proposal about adolosence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research proposal about adolosence - Essay Example According to Frame, Richard and Matthew (2009) if divorce occurs, it is likely to be one of the most stressful events in the lives of both parents and children and can be characterized as a significant period of transition, regardless of age. Aro and Palosaari (1992) state that divorce "will directly or indirectly touch nearly all American children" (p.14). Therefore, it is important to study how parental divorce may affect families and to investigate the consequences of marital dissolution for the children involved. Knox, Zusman and Decuzzi (2004) suggest that approximately 6 million divorced families exist in the United States and majority of them have children. According to Kreider and Fields approximately 26 percent children are currently living with just one parent in the United States (cited in Comerford, 2008). There are many studies in the literature investigating the short term and long term effects of divorce on children. The loss of a parent through divorce disrupts the fa mily life, the parent to parent relationship and the parent to child relationship in significant ways (David and Mark, 2009). The effects of parental divorce have been found to linger in the children of divorce, even as they develop into adults. This study will attempt to investigate the impact of parental divorce on the past and present sexual behavior of college aged children. A wide array of sexual behaviors will be examined. Specifically the age at which each behavior occurred will be examined to gain a more accurate picture of possible differences between those from intact and divorced families. Research suggests that daughters from divorced families are more likely to have intercourse at an earlier age and are likely to have more sexual partners (Hetherington and Kelly, 2002; Wallerstein and Lewis, 2004). This study will examine a much wider spectrum of sexual behaviors to investigate whether these results are supported. In addition, male sexual behavior will be examined in a comprehensive way, as this area has been neglected in previous research. Literature Review The Impact of Parental Divorce on Adolescence Although Forehand et al. (1991) suggested that the effects of divorce may be less detrimental to children and adolescents than was previously thought, much literature does indicate that children and adolescents who experience parental divorce function less well than those who do not, particularly in the area of social adjustment (Giuliani, Lafrate and Rosnati, 1998). When compared to adolescents from intact homes, adolescents in divorced families are two to three times more likely to behave in an antisocial and delinquent way, to associate with delinquent peers, to show poor school performance (Grimm and Wassil, 1994) and to drop out of school (Hetherington, 1993). These adolescents have been shown to have more problems in social relationships when compared to adolescents from intact families (Hetherington, Law and O'Connor, 1993). Such adolescents have also been shown to have lower levels of trust towards others (Giuliani, Lafrate and Rosnati, 1998), they receive less parental supervision, they receive fewer curfews and rules (Wallerstein and Lewis, 2004) and they often take more responsibility for themselves (Wallerstein and Lewis, 2004) than peers who come from intact families. Wallerstein and Lewis (2004) also reported that parents in divorced f

Relationship Between Architecture and Politics

Relationship Between Architecture and Politics Architecture is not only classified as describing the elegant and formal preferences of an architect, but it can also reveal the hopes, power struggle and the elements culture of the society. Although nowadays architecture tend to orbit around themes that represents neutrality in order to represent a healthier theme or image for the city without supporting any political regime ,it can be certainly maintained that using architecture as a major tool to symbolize power and authority for a society such as Nazi Germany and Rome power is a required and preferred tool in order to keep the legacy of the society or area alive as time passes by as the built environment is a text whose every word reveals a nation’s vicissitudes. As insofar the building that was only said to be a work or architectural earth can serve a purpose of being a visual metaphor, announcing something in its own way about the power, existence, strength, protectiveness and structure of the institution it represents. Firstly, architecture supports the system with a structural model which is used by the society to conceptualize the world which makes it connected with political power as said by Mitchell kapor â€Å"Architecture is politics†. Hence there is a structural relationship between the social and political sides, architecture reveals the power that is embodied in it and specifically the monumental architecture that is formed by the political powers. These monuments shows the power of the individuals accountable for their formation and they describe the nature of that power. For example, using axial architecture symbolizes consistently more to power which control the community as it directs people to that seat or that specific power. Whereas ,Non-axial architecture always maintain the equality of constituent parts and puts the choices always between people’s hands rather than the mastery of certain goal. Moreover non axial architecture is regularly connected to political power as mandate from the masses. Architecture that symbolizes top-down distribution of power is the opposite of an architecture that demonstrates control vested by the community as shown even in prisons as the warden’s power is over the inmate which shows the supreme edge of social control. As architecture can control the way we understand the world, looking at architectural history the relation between the monumental architecture and political power can consistently be seen. Architecture gives us the choice to visualize mentally and support societies to create systems that shows their social and cultural traditions and practices. Hence, leaders use it to express the way that they understand reality in and express how they crave to be seen by the people and enforce their opinion and view and carry their power over the populace. However, Nazi’s and Romans leaders in Germany and Rome in the old centuries used architecture in a way to exude power and domination in order to keep their legacy as a society with power and wealth in the world, hence their buildings had an enormous effect on the way architects designed their buildings in the western side of the world and still continues till this day. Nowadays along the western world the effect of Roman power is still manifest which shows how using architecture as a society power tool can be effective and is needed by the world, and many European cities still have souvenirs that remind them of the ancient Rome. Architecture played an essential role in bringing together the empire and was vital to the success of Rome as both formal architecture like temples and basilicas for example bridges and aqueducts had a major role in representing Rome power. Communication across the far flung was supported by the construction of the roads with their bridges. Moreover, clean and hygiened water was provided to the people in city by aquedects. Whereas, the basilica fulfilled administrative functions which was showed in American cities in town halls or court houses and other buildings also served roman power weather directly or indirectly. The basilicas had various characteristics and components such as a projection which the Romans called apse which acted as the seat of the magistrate accountable for dispensing the law and along with it comes a scene or an image of the emperor which is the source of the law. Then above the image is a curvy semi -circular line which acts as an echo in the form of the apse. The basilica in Roman city carried the concept of Roman authority for the people of the Roman Empire. The association with person was a prima explanation for the use of the basilica soft as the typical become of the Christian church from the abstraction of the Emperor Metropolis. The organization of the space and disposition of the buildings in the second century formed almost a symbolic map of Roman power which the study of this early second century building complex show us. To summarize the Roman architecture, the basilica with its apses points and symbolized to Roman law power; the authority of classical culture and literature is shown by its formal libraries; and the religion is reflected to the public life of the people by the temples. Also Trajan which is the Roman military leader and has images at the center of the city in the imperial axis has ordered the built of the markets on the adjacent hill which states an obvious statement about the emperor being the provider for the Roman populace. Reminders of the culture and traditions of the Roman Empire are still there throughout the western world cities. Most Leaders want to give intimidation and control through their built environment and visual testament to their strength and control to the people and the nation .Examples can be seen all around the world. In Paris after Napoleon became the king of the empire in 1804, he wanted Paris to become the new Rome so you can find various similarities in their buildings. The Arc de Triumphed, started to be built by Napoleon in 1806 but not finished until 1836, is the extremely famous example of the French taking of Roman formulas In Vendome in Paris, the leader Napoleon ordered the built of a monumental free-standing column that was clearly based and similar in structure to the column of Ttrajan from the early second century.A bronze statue is on the top of the vendomne column and has a costume that looks like a Roman, like Trajan on his column. The service of the Madeleine. The designer Pierre-Alexandre Vignon plain supported his construction on the distinct strain of the Italian Temple. Secondly, Nazi’s and Hitler also used architecture in a way to threaten and intimidate the people and go forward in the power of their state. It is shown clearly in their projects as some element like stark facades, columns, pilasters, and clean lines is used in a massive scale by the project’s architects such as Albert Speer, Hermann Giesler, and Fritz Todt to form a new aesthetic and demonstrate power, control and domination. Moreover, the building’s sizes gave a huge effect and showed clearly the wealth and power of the Germans to anyone who ventured their buildings. Hence, the city of Berlin was to be the city of the Nazis corp, and as such, required to bonk and resemble the noesis, ascendancy, and caliber of the Fascist circle. Invoking images of the Catholicism Empire, the remade Berlin would be titled Germania, the old European plant for Deutschland. Domination of the world was the aim of Berlin so it required more monuments. So to ceremonialize the power of the German state a plan and models to create a city with an enormous number of public building were made by the architects responsible of the project. Many buildings are still surviving till nowadays although the Berlin plan did not fully succeed that represent the rare trend of the regime. The style of intimidaton architecture was the main style used by the germans while building and designing their buildings. Other buildings not representative of the Nazi vogue all the same reference Nazi aims by glorifying both the past of Teutonic and the culture of the rural as well. Always, Nazi architects worked to confirm that their buildings served the needs of the regime. Influenced by classical Hellenic Republic and Rome, they cultivated ANaesthetic of order, victimization lowest decoration and action straight lines. From the baroque era, they realised the facility of buildings as expressions of wealth and power, and they tried to include that expression into their buildings. Nazi desi gn served the state by actioning its values, demonstrating its power, and making edifices capable of lasting for hundreds of years. The Nazis tried to regulate each facet of Germans lives; design contend a key role during this. The order and plainness of Nazi facades mirrored the order perfect by Nazi theorists. Places designed for mass community experiences designed unity round the party. Buildings reflective rural and Teutonic pasts emphasised the Nazis glorification of these times. Constant aspects of Nazi buildings supposed to impress foreign diplomats served double duty by expressing the strength of the National Socialist German Workers Party to everybody United Nations agency lapsed. Adolf Hitler and Speer had faith that that design had the power to deeply infuence peopless thoughts and actions. In their neurotic plans for Germania, they showed expressly that design was a tool of the state. itdbeaccustomedpromote ideology, even at the expense of livability.Adolf Hitlerwishedbuildings to be the word in stone, durable, a clear representations of the Nazi ideals. Same all the antithetic varieties of art throug hout the Socialism programme, Structure was a puppet of both the state and the commonwealth as well as John Ruskin the English writer said â€Å"Architecture is the work of nations†. This shows that architecture can be used in a spectacular multiple of ways to provide the nation, culture and society its own characteristic and charisma. A major distinction between the classical state design of Third Reich|Reich} and classical design in alternative trendy countries in Europe and America is that in Germany it absolutely was however one aspect of a severely authoritarian state. Its dictatorly aimed to determine study order; grid iron city plans, axial symmetry, hierarchic placement of state structure among urban house on a scale meant to strengthen the interpersonal and governmental rule wanted by the Nazi propose, that anticipated the displacement of religious belief and moral values by a brand new quite worship supported the cult of Nazi martyrs and leaders and with a worth system near that of pre-Christian Rome In Mein Kampf, Germanic Nazi states that industrialised Teutonic cities of his day lacked high open monuments and a halfway accent for territory spirit. In fact, criticism of the fast manufacture of German cities once 1870 had already been voiced. The ideal Nazi town wasnt to be over large, since it had been to replicate pre-industrial values and its state monuments, the product and symbols of collective effort, were to lean most prominence by being centrally set within the new and reshaped cities of the enlarged Composer. Nazis comments in Mein Kampf indicated that he saw buildings such like the coliseum and also the Circus Maximus As symbols of the political would possibly and power of the Roman individuals. Potentate explicit, Architecture isnt solely the word in stone, however is also the expression of the religion and conviction of a community, alternatively it signifies the ability, greatness and laurels of an fantabulous man or individual. In Potentates cultural direction, The  Buildings of the Reich, delivered in Sep 1937 , in Nuremberg, he thoroughbred that the new buildings of the Reich were to bolster the authority of the National Socialist German Workers Party and also the state and at identical time give gigantic proof of the community. The subject proof of this authority may already be seen in Nuremberg, metropolis and Berlin and would become still a lot of evident once a lot of plans had been place into result. Hitler himself was as a girlish man was initially impresssed with the extremely formed, ornate, neo-Baroque vogue open in various Habsburg-era people buildings. Flat then, he matte that the key qualification for a morality public business was that it verbalised the capability of its somebody. These buildings, with their immoderate volume of pilasters, porticos, columns, arches, and pediments, manifested the wealth and nation of the German and royalty states. Whereas these highly-decorated buildings square measure markedly totally different from those designed throughout Hitlers reign, they possess symmetry, a proper part of style that each designer and Der Fuhrer believed was essential to making order. The impressive Berlinerdom exudes any wealth, with palm in apiece character and carrefour. In block with Der Fuhrer, the cathedral, cerebration too tiny, was fittingly impressive. The nightlong arcades of the New Hofsburg and thus the deposit of Penalty Study, apiece in grapheme of Oes terreich, breathe at the lordly and colonnades entrances open in buildings subsequent in experience, peculiarly Designers New Reich authority’s structure. The New Hofsburg, Vienna Furthermore, Hitler, as a trained creator, was well-versed within the history of design. Within the Nazis seek associate orderly aesthetic, a lot ofattention was paid to the classical buildings of Balkan countryand Rome. It’s straightforward to examine the similarities between Albert Speers Zeppelintribune, shown higher than right, and therefore the Pergamon Altar of Zeus housed within the Berlin Pergamon museum: In fact, Albert Speer himself explicit that the apsis supported this Pergamon monument. There also are noticeable similarities between the coliseumin Rome and therefore the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Specially, the 2 buildings assets a layered grouping of pillars and arches. Notwithstanding, the sports bowl differs from the coliseum in its demand of curves or broadsheet arches. Olympiastadions outside is regressive, and depends on rectangles formed from healthy crosswise and straight lines to actualize its spic, organized lead. Further, the sports bowl exterior is scanty: theres no ornamentation of any good, only lines. These preferences for healthy lines and kosher exteriors are a regular boast of Socialism buildings, especially those organized by Designer, and businessman them as definite from the neoclassical structures that influenced them, Classic buildings were heavily with statues. Fascist buildings are placing for his or her nearly tot lack of honour. The coliseum in Rome Olympiastadion in Berlin To conclude, although after the mid century and the beginning of the 19th century urban architects and societies began to change their concepts and preferred to use architecture and design buildings in a way to make cities healthier and help in reducing crimes and deduct problems. Moreover architects had an aim to improve the attitude of the people and society and they wanted to use architecture to reduce poverty,crimes, and prevent revolutions .However, architecture can be used in both ways but I certainly agree that if architecture is used as a participatory tool to represent power and strength for certain society it would play a major role in changing history and effect vitally the culture of the world as Frank Lloyd the american architect said â€Å"The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own we have no soul of our own civilization†. Also architecture in that way leaves legacies behind them that coming generations can look up to and that is why archi tects and leaders that time tried their best to serve strenghtfull testament through their designs and buildings.

Essay on Imagery in Their Eyes Were Watching God -- Their Eyes Were Wa

Positive Imagery in Their Eyes Were Watching God In Zora Neale Hurston's novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the life of Janie is presented as a journey. Janie survives a grandmother, three husbands, and innumerable friends. Throughout this journey, she moves towards her ideals about love and how to live one's life. Hurston chooses to define Janie not by what is wrong in her life, but by what is good in it. Janie undergoes many changes throughout her journey, but the imagery in her life always conjures positive ideas in the mind of the reader. Janie's life begins under the watchful eye of her grandmother. Her grandmother has given up her own happiness to raise Janie and her mother. Right away, it is obvious that Janie's life is going to be different than her grandmother's. For starters, Janie has very different ideas about love than any other character. She may not be able to clearly define her thoughts, but the reader still sees that Janie's ideas are romantic and full of sensuality. The first glimpse into the past that the reader sees involves Janie underneath a pear tree, watching the flowers bloom. The descriptive language ("From barren brown stems to glistening leaf-buds; from the leaf-buds to snowy virginity of bloom" [10]) beautifully juxtaposed with complex thought ("The rose of the world was breathing out smell. It . . . followed her. . . and caressed her . . ." [10]) lets the reader experience the same feelings that Janie does, even though she is not yet old enough to fully describe them herself. Janie's grandmother is old and weak. She never had a person in her life who cared for her and truly wanted to look out for her well-being. As a result, she is frightened by Janie's refusal to follow the mold, ... ...tell it again. She doesn't need to. Janie has lived her life and survived her journey. Zora Neale Hurston closes off Their Eyes Were Watching God with one final, poignant image; Janie "[calling] in her soul to come and see" [184] the splendor of her life. Works Cited and Consulted Bourn, Byron D. "Women's Roles in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and James Baldwin's Go Tell It On the Mountain" Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper & Row, 1937. Johnson, Barbara. "Metaphor, Metonymy and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God." Modern Critical Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Lubitschek, Cyrena N. "The Role of Imagery in Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." American Literature 58.2 (May 1996): 181-202.

Little Children Movie Review Essay

â€Å"You couldn’t change the past. But the future could be a different story. And it had to start somewhere. † This final statement sums up the message of the Little Children, a film opus of Todd Fiend, that talks not merely about a love affair of two married persons, but the story of struggle and redemption of common folk living in an upper-middle class suburban Boston. This notwithstanding, the film also shows a stereotypical, albeit real depiction of the contradictions in such a neighborhood – the soccer moms, the disempowered husbands, better called ‘house-bands’, and the bored housewives in terrible need of an ego boost. The film review shall mainly quote dialogue from the film, in order to showcase fully the power of this story about suburban Northeastern America. Sarah Pierce is a successful academic and campus figure, but has since lost all glory upon her marriage to Richard, and subsequent birth to Lucy, a self-assured little girl who refuses to do everything Sarah requests. She currently suffers from an absolute absence of love in her relationship with Brad, shattered further with her catching Richard in a fit of masturbation, while wearing her panties around his head. Moreover, she eternally despises the pretentious moms she sees in Lucy’s playground all the time. The lines with sarcasm are clearly suggestive of her clear disdain for the mothers, to wit – Mary Ann: He should just be castrated. Just snip, quick and easy. Sarah Pierce: [sarcastically] You know what else you should do? Nail his penis above the entrance to the elementary school. That’d really teach him a lesson. This initial situation of Sarah inextricably creates the objective conditions for the future love affair with Brad, because one cannot reasonably expect, despite promises made at the consummation of marriage that she can eternally be faithful in the wake of the loveless situation that she is in. Her disempowerment as an intellectual by becoming a fulltime housewife living in a sea of pretentious women around her also gives further ammunition, albeit personal isolation from her community-at-large, for the blossoming of a new yet forbidden relationship with Brad. The other player in this love affair is Brad Adamson, a ‘house-band’ whose career is at a standstill – he failed the bar exams twice, and his wife is a successful documentary filmmaker, named Kathy. In such as situation, he feels absolutely helpless, in view of the fact that it is his wife that serves as the breadwinner of the family, and his main task for every given day would be to accompany their child Aaron during his playtime. Without an actual career to speak of, and a similarly successful past as Sarah, it is without a doubt a situation which would create the necessary conditions for his decision to enter into an affair with Sarah – them hopeless beings supposedly full of potential, now finally united. The proverbial meet-cute of film may be the scandalous yet affirming prank they pulled against the pretentious mothers in the playground, when Sarah and Brad hugged each other, to the absolute disdain of the mothers. The prank unleashed their long-kept longings of spontaneity and passion, long gone in the running of their marriages and only to be found again in each other’s embrace. Sarah, as the formerly empowered intellectual, possesses almost the same ridicule at Richard as what she has against the pretentious mothers, to wit – Brad Adamson: You have a nice place here. Sarah Pierce: You think? Yeah, Richard does pretty well for himself. Brad Adamson: Oh, yeah? What’s he do? Sarah Pierce: He lies. They shall soon engage in passionate love-making during a fierce rainstorm, but only after Brad realizes that their feelings for each other are mutual, as shown by a picture kept by Sarah in her study. Nonetheless, the couple in the affair approach their forbidden relationship, with great fervor, but a bit unsure, with even a tinge of guilt and remorse, particularly on the part of Brad, to wit – Brad Adamson: Do you feel bad about this? Sarah Pierce: No, I don’t. Brad Adamson: I do. I feel really bad. The other characters in the movie are as interesting as the two main love-struck protagonists. Ronnie McGorvey is an indecent exposure offender, having served prison time and has since moved back into the neighborhood with his mother. Ronnie seems to have been unreformed in his perverted ways, when he masturbates yet again during a date set by his mother, ruining the date, and destroying all hopes of him ever finding love. His return, nonetheless, is met with great protest by Larry, Brad’s teammate in touch football, and a disgraced police officer. His protests turn violent at times, not content with the mere handing out of flyers and posters about Ronnie, but also vandalizing his house, and almost assaulting Ronnie and his mother. Their seemingly grown-men, good vs. evil conflict reaches a terrible turn when a drunken Larry goes to Ronnie’s house with a megaphone, waking the entire neighborhood and shaming fully Ronnie and his mother. As his mother tries to stop Larry from further his drunken actions, he pushes her to the ground, triggering a heart attack which would soon take her life. Nonetheless, before entering death’s door, she writes a note to Ronnie with a chest-pounding plea – â€Å"Please be good boy. † This triggers Ronnie to go on a fit of rage for losing his mother, ending in castrating himself, in pursuit of his mother’s request at death. Larry would soon realize how grave his mistake was and looks for Ronnie, and bring him to the hospital for medical attention. The stories of Ronnie and Larry ironically show the awkward sense of justice and reason disgraced persons in the community pursue to redeem themselves to their loved ones and to the community. Ronnie, in the most dramatic expression of remorse and love to his dead mother, has cut of his testicles – the physical object of his sexual perversion, in order to unrealistically undo the hurt feelings of his mother created by his former acts. But despite the spectacle of it all, the drama attended by it, there is no point in doing such. The mother is dead, and the date has been left crying. On the other hand, Larry, the disgraced police officer, puts the law into his own hands by maligning Ronnie’s person and by engaging into overt acts of harassment and violence in pursuit of this. The objective is clear, that despite his failure as an officer of the law, he himself continues to be an upright man, rejecting sexual depredation and moral turpitude in the person of Ronnie. He does his brand of redemption to a serious fault, notwithstanding through aimless grandstanding, by lumping together Ronnie’s person to that of his mother, by vandalizing her property and pushing her to the ground in pursuit of his shame campaign. By doing such, he fails in the end, because the object of vigilante-ism is not the person whose life was lost, but some innocent person whose continued life could have influenced Ronnie towards full redemption from his sins, without need of castration, nor the spectacle of it. Meanwhile, the affair between Brad and Sarah becomes all the more serious, to the point that Kathy herself now witnesses the truth of the affair through the tacit sexual tensions between the two during a dinner. They have even agreed to run away together, as when two young star-crossed lovers would leave their unyielding parents in pursuit of their hasty, yet seemingly ‘true’ love. In pursuit of this, Sarah even declares the situation to Mary Ann, to wit – Mary Ann: Oh that’s nice. So now cheating on your husband makes you a feminist? Sarah Pierce: No, no, no. It’s not the cheating. It’s the hunger – the hunger for an alternative and the refusal to accept a life of unhappiness. The two were prepared to leave their loveless homes, their young children and their real spouses to perfect the ‘love’ long lost, and which now they have found through one another. This feeling of seemingly ‘great love’ is expected, but appears clearly as one that is fleeting, one that is artificial, one that was created by the sordid personal experiences of their lives, where the affair’s function was a mere outlet of a love that is merely not sought, but never absent, in their own homes. Such is how their love is that in the film’s climax, at the supposed point of no return by meeting on the night they agreed upon to run away for love, the family and the past they have left pull them back, not through force, but by circumstances that put everything back into its proper perspective. Sarah’s Lucy gets lost, and a panicked mother searches for her relentlessly in the playground where she left her, only to soon find her along under a street light. It is on this moment, that the bubble of ‘love’ in the affair is completely pierced, that the idea of the absence of love is merely in her mind, nothing more, and Lucy is the personification of that love, that has never been absent, but as stated above, a love merely unsought. Brad himself experiences a similar piercing of the ‘love bubble’, in the exact moment towards their scheduled departure for love. Brad, the confident but now disempowered lawyer-to-be, has failed to leave his goodbye letter to Kathy when he met a serious accident while trying some skateboard tricks. No clue has been given as to why he failed to leave the note to Kathy, but what can be surmised is that he probably felt the same as Sarah had, the inability, at the final instance, to create the actual physical wedge between his past and his supposed future with Sarah. This unstated inability to leave is further buttressed by Kathy’s rush to the hospital to meet Brad at the emergency room doors, showing that despite acting as the breadwinner of the family, she is not without love for her husband, and that, as in Sarah’s case, Brad’s idea of a loveless home is again, a love merely unsought, waning and almost at the point of death, yes, but present with the ability to be roused to life again. In all these, the film shows who the real Little Children are in this story of suburban America – it is the adults who allow their feelings to get in the way of principled contemplation of relationships and love.

The 10 Best Fashion Schools What Makes Them Great

The 10 Best Fashion Schools What Makes Them Great SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thinking about entering the fashion industry? You’re in for a fun, challenging career path. If you want to be well-prepared to enter any area of fashion - whether it’s the design side or the business side - an education at a well-reputed school will definitely be helpful. Before getting into the list of bestfashion schools, I’ll talk a bit about why you might want to attend a fashion school and how I compiled these rankings. What Is a Fashion School? A fashion school offers degrees that are specialized for students who plan on pursuing a career in the fashion industry. They often offer several different majors or specializations. The most popular thing to do with a fashion degree is design, but there are many other careers you can pursue with a degree in this field, including: Fashion merchandising and fashion buying Fashion marketing and PR Fashion production and management Fashion journalism and publishing Advertising Fashion technology A great fashion program will provide hands-on experience in the classroom and the field, as well as plenty of opportunities for internships and jobs for both students and graduates. The Ranking System Ranking lists can be really great if you want to get a general idea of what schools are out there and whether they fit your interests and criteria. The problem with many lists is that there’s no standardized ranking process or criteria, and they’re not always transparent about the ranking process. Although this particular ranking list should also just be used as a starting point for your own college research, I want to be much more clear about the process I used to determine the best fashion schools. First, I started by searching for colleges and universities that have a dedicated fashion major for undergraduates. After that, I took these major criteria into account: General School Reputation - The fashion industry is incredibly competitive to break into (check out The Devil Wears Prada for a very tiny, very dramatized taste of what I mean). It’s important that undergraduate students have access to the resources that come with a school that’s well-regarded by the industry. As you’ll see when you go through the rankings list, many fashion icons have visited or even lectured these schools for educational classes and seminars - this is a sign that these schools are taken seriously by those in fashion. Strength of Related Graduate Programs - Although I only listed schools here with dedicated undergraduate programs in fashion, schools got points if they have well-respected graduate programs in fashion or other related design fields. Undergraduate students studying fashion tend to benefit from faculty and resources in these graduate departments. Alumni - When a school boasts many notable alumni, this signals a couple of important things: the program itself produces strong graduates, and the school’s alumni network is strong and well-connected. Successful alumni boost a school’s reputation and make it easier for you to find a job later on. Location - The best internship and job opportunities (as well as galleries and design studios) are going to be in big fashion capitals: places like NYC, Paris, Milan, London, and even Hong Kong. Many of the schools listed below are located in these cities or have satellite campuses or programs there. Schools got bonus points if they give students options to study in a variety of locations. The 10 Top Fashion Schools, Ranked Although I was clear about the criteria used to compile this list, you should use it primarily as a jumping-off point for your own research - not an ultimate guide to the quality of a school’s program. I encourage you to focus less on the strict order of rankings (which is pretty subjective to begin with) and more on the individual characteristics of each school. Let’s get into the good stuff - the list of bestfashion schools. #1 Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT), New York, NY FIT is perhaps the most famous school for those aspiring to enter the world of fashion. Its programs focus on preparing students for professional excellence in design and business. FIT offers an incredibly wide range of undergraduate degree programs, including Accessories Design, Fabric Styling, Fashion Business Management, and Jewelry Design. In total, the school offers 48 degree programs in fashion and other creative and business professions. The school apparently takes full advantage of its NYC location, taking students on frequent field trips to corporate headquarters, design studios, galleries, and museums. Finally, many alumni are particularly successful in the business side of fashion and act as VPs, presidents, and CEOs. Fashion degrees offered: BFA, BS Read more about the program Attending any fashion school in NY will come with some important advantages, including ease of access to the fashion industry. #2 Parsons The New School, New York, NY The New School takes a more focused approach to fashion, offering only a BFA in fashion design for fashion-minded undergraduates. There are many others strong programs offered through the school, however - The New School is a well-respected school in all sorts of design fields, including Fine Arts and Interior Design. The fashion design program is housed in Parson’s School of Fashion, which has some strong fashion Master’s programs. Students complete a senior thesis as a capstone to their studies, which is great for developing a portfolio. Students can take advantage of the many professional opportunities available in NYC, especially with the school’s list of notable alumni (including Isaac Mizrahi and Donna Karan). Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #3 Pratt Institute, New York, NY It’s no surprise that the top three schools on this list are located in NYC. Fashion design students at the Pratt Institute have access to some great resources, in part due to the school’s location - for one, guest lecturers from all areas of the industry often give talks and seminars. Students here also end up with some great internships (at companies like Rag Bone, for example). The school also has strong design programs in other areas, including industrial and interior design. All students seem to benefit from strong career support from Pratt’s Center for Career and Professional Development, which presented more than 80 programs last year on topics such as career prep and innovation. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #4 Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, GA SCAD, which offers a BFA in fashion design (in addition to an MA and MFA), is a very well-reputed, high-ranked design school with many other strong design programs. The school prides itself in staying on top of the latest design technology, which may be why it’s so successful at attracting top names in fashion for guest lectures, panel discussions, and student critiques. Some of these past fashion experts include Karl Lagerfeld, Tom Ford, Diane von Furstenberg, and Vera Wang. It’s no surprise that SCAD hosts one of the top student fashion shows in the country to showcase student work. You may not think of Savannah as a fashion capital, but you don’t have to. Fashion design students Students have the opportunity to study in Atlanta and Hong Kong. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #5 Kent State University, Kent, OH Kent State has a few more options for students who are interested in the business side of the fashion industry - you can choose from a BA or BFA in Fashion Design or a BS in Fashion Merchandising. One unique option is a combined BS/MBA program in Fashion Merchandising. The school has its own satellite campus in NYC, which is definitely important considering that Kent, OH isn’t exactly a fashion capital. About 45 students a year head off to Florence, Italy to study at the school’s Palazzo campus. Kent State also has a partnership with The Paris Academy in Paris, France - overall, students seem to have lots of options when it comes to off-campus experiences. Finally, the school claims that their placement rate in the fashion industry for graduates of the Fashion School is over 90%. Fashion degrees offered: BA, BFA, BS/MBA Read more about the program If you’re more interested in merchandising than design, you may want to check out Kent State. #6 Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA Drexel, which offers a bachelor’s in fashion design, prepares students for careers in design, styling, advertising, and computer-aided and technical design. The school encourages hands-on experiences in the industry by requiring students to submit designs to national and international competitions. Drexel has a couple of interesting programs for fashion-minded students. First, there’s a unique six month â€Å"co-op† program - an extended internship of sorts - where students work at different companies around the country to develop their skills. Second, there’s a study abroad program at the College of London. There are many complementary undergraduate programs, including Design Merchandising and Entertainment Art. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #7 Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles, CA Otis is an interesting option for fashion-minded students for a few reasons. First, fashion design students have the option to choose a Costume Design emphasis track within their major - a unique program of study that I haven’t seen at any of these other schools. Students have the opportunity to work in teams through junior and senior year to create unique designs, which is a great experience for when you transition to working in the actual industry. The school is also committed to sustainability in fashion - students can opt for a minor in sustainability if it’s something they’re particularly interested in. Current designers serve as mentors for fashion students, and recent upperclassmen mentor companies include places like Anthropologie, Nike, BCBG, Roxy, and more. The school has a lot of successful alumni living and working in NYC. Although LA isn’t quite the fashion capital that NY is, there are still quite a few designers based in the city whoare known for their trendy and unique work. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program LA offers a great mix of â€Å"high fashion† and more casual, trendy design. #8 Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), Providence, RI RISD is a very well-known and well-respected art and design institution for both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergrads here have the option to get a BFA in â€Å"Apparel Design.† The apparel design program emphasizes (perhaps a bit more than other top programs) the development of advanced technical skills like superior design sketching, pattern cutting, and 3D draping. The school requires students to participate in internships and competitive opportunities, which thrusts you into the fashion industry fairly early on. The program’s senior thesis project is described as a â€Å"unified body of work that expresses personal design sensibility and showcases professional-grade conceptual and technical skills.† Students regularly visit NYC’s fashion district, which is fairly close. Providence itself may not seem like a fashion capital, but it has a very high number of artists per capita. It’s small but concentrated! Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #9 Columbus College of Art and Design, Columbus, OH Students here who choose to pursue a BFA in Fashion Design go on to do any number of things in the fashion industry, including working as fashion forecasters and costume designers. The school also offers an MFA in fashion design. Columbus has six large studios open to student access in addition to other labs (for example, a dye lab and pattern/draping lab). Notable alumni include people like Bruno Grizzo (who worked for Calvin Klein and Lanvin) and Genoveva Christoff (who has her own successful company). Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #10Iowa State University, Ames, IA Fashion students here get a degree in Apparel, Merchandising, and Design, which is a bit broader than some of the options at other top fashion schools. A broad degree means broad career opportunities, including things like public relations director or fashion journalism. The school offers some impressive high-tech equipment, like a 3-D body scanner and industrial digital printer. Special classes help students find and research internships in the field. Fashion degrees offered: BS Read more about the program How to Choose the Right Fashion School for You Although there are fewer fashion program choices out there than say, liberal BA program choices, you still have to sift through a lot of information to pick a school that's right for you. Hopefully, this list of schools has given you a good place to start - but there are other things to keep in mind before committing to a particular school. There are few more things to consider here than when you’re deciding what to wear to that party tonight. Decide Betweenan Arts-Focused School anda More Traditional College Most of the schools listed here are dedicated solely to fashion or a combination of fashion, design, and arts. This may be great for you if you’re not interested in a liberal arts education or fulfilling general education requirements. If you’re looking for a more â€Å"traditional† college experience, however, you may want to look into liberal arts colleges that may not be 100% dedicated to arts, design, and fashion, but still offer great fashion programs for undergrads. Choose a School That Offers a Degree You Want Many of the schools on the above list focus on fashion design. If you’re sure that you’re interested in the design side of fashion, then this sort of program is a good fit. There are so many other options, though, especially at powerhouses like FIT. There’s much more to the fashion industry than design, so make sure to check out other programs and majors before making a decision. Consider Whether You Want a Flexible or Focused Program Some of the programs above offer plenty of room for students to explore their artistic and design interests, and boast dozens of degree options and specializations. Others are more focused and narrow, and may be good fits for students who already know what interests they want to pursue. Spend some time exploring the programs' websites to get a better feel for your options. Finda Program With Portfolio Requirements That You'll Be Able to Meet You'll have to submit a portfolio as part of the application process for the schools listed above. Some of these portfolio requirements may seem reasonable, whereas others might be tough to meet. Explore each program's portfolio requirements well ahead of any application deadlines. Think About the School More Generally Granted, many of the schools on this list are design- or arts-focused, but your college experience will depend on more than just what you’ll experience through your program. Other, more practical student life concerns will definitely affect how happy you may be at a particular school. What do you think of the student housing options? The dining plans? The student groups on campus? The general location? Once you consider all these factors, you'll be better able to choose a fashion program that's right for you. The better the fit, the more successful you're likely to be in school and your career. What’s Next? Choosing where you’ll end up for college is a stressful decision for many students. Read more about if it matters, and why the college you select may impact your future. Once you have an idea of where you’d like to end up, boost your chances of success by learning about how to get into your top choice schools. When you have several options to choose from, read about how to choose which college to actually attend. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: